Acne
What is Acne?
Acne is a skin condition that develops when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It often appears on areas of the body where oil glands are most active, such as the face, chest, shoulders, and back. Although it's most common during adolescence due to hormonal changes, acne can affect people at any age. It can vary in severity, from occasional pimples to chronic breakouts that can cause scarring.
What Causes Acne?
Acne develops for a variety of reasons. One of the primary factors is the overproduction of oil by the skin’s sebaceous glands. When excess oil combines with dead skin cells, it can block pores and create the perfect environment for bacteria to grow. The bacteria, known as Cutibacterium acnes, can cause inflammation and lead to more severe breakouts. Hormonal fluctuations also play a significant role, especially during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or due to medical conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In some cases, lifestyle factors such as diet, stress, and lack of sleep may contribute to flare-ups, although these influences vary from person to person.
Types of Acne
Acne comes in several forms. Whiteheads are small bumps that stay under the skin’s surface, while blackheads are open pores clogged with oil and dead skin. Papules are red, tender bumps without pus, and pustules are inflamed pimples with a white or yellow center. More severe forms include nodules, which are large and painful lumps beneath the skin, and cystic acne, which consists of deep, inflamed, pus-filled lesions that can lead to scarring.
How is Acne Treated?
The right acne treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition. Many people begin with over-the-counter options that include ingredients like benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or topical retinoids. These products help reduce oil, exfoliate the skin, and prevent clogged pores. For more persistent or severe cases, prescription treatments may be necessary. Dermatologists often recommend topical or oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy for women, or in cases of cystic acne, isotretinoin, a powerful oral medication. In-office procedures like chemical peels, laser therapy, and extractions may also help improve skin clarity and texture. Every treatment plan should be tailored to the individual, so it’s important to consult a professional for the best results.
How to Prevent Acne
While it may not be possible to prevent all acne, adopting a consistent and gentle skincare routine can make a significant difference. Washing your face twice daily with a mild cleanser, removing makeup before bed, and using products labeled as non-comedogenic can help keep pores clear. It’s also important to avoid touching your face, stay hydrated, and maintain a healthy, balanced diet. Stress management and adequate sleep can also support clearer skin by regulating hormone levels.
When to See a Dermatologist
If over-the-counter treatments are not working, or if your acne is causing physical discomfort or emotional distress, it's time to see a dermatologist. Early treatment can prevent permanent scarring and help restore your confidence. A professional can identify the underlying causes of your acne and develop a personalized plan to manage and treat it effectively.